PSR 1257+12

PSR 1257+12 is a millisecond pulsar about a thousand light years from the sun in the direction of Virgo. It is one of nine isolated millisecond pulsars known in the disk of the galaxy.

Location Constellation: Virgo Right Ascension: 13 00 01.00 Declination: +12 40 00.0 Distance from Sol: 978.49 Light Years Basic Data Spectral Type: Pulsar Radius: 0.00002 Solar Radii Effective Temperature: 600000 Kelvin Age: 800 Million Years Rotation: 0.006219 seconds Habitability Inner Edge of Habitability Zone: 0.1 AU Outer Edge of Habitability Zone: 0.33 AU

In 1991, precise measurements of the timing of PSR 1257+12's pulses indicated that the pulsar's motion was being affected by the presence of at least two Earth mass planets. Announced four years before the discovery of a planet around 51 Pegasi, this was the first serious claim of an extrasolar planet. As the planets had been discovered orbiting a pulsar rather than a sun-like star, the discovery took astronomers by surprise.

In the months and years that followed, other pulsar planets were announced, but all were retracted as their signals were found to be noise or due to the orbit of the Earth. The planets of PSR 1257+12, however, could not be explained away so easily. It seemed that they did, in fact, exist.

PSR 1257+12 A

PSR 1257+12 A Statistics

There is some controversy as to whether these worlds are indeed survivors at all, or were formed more recently. If they were always in orbits close to their star (the farthest of the three is only a little more distant than Mercury is from the sun) then they would have been swallowed and incinerated when the star entered its red giant stage. So if they are survivors, they must have migrated from more distant orbits akin to the gas giants of our solar system. It's possible that these worlds are gas giants of a sort.

If our sun went supernova (which it won't because it is not massive enough) then the inner solar system would be vaporized. The more massive and the more distant the planet, the greater the chance of survival. So Jupiter and Saturn, for example, might survive such a catastrophe. Their atmospheres may be almost totally burned away, their moons annihilated, but their cores would survive, as would some atmosphere. As the destroyed sun collapsed and cooled into a neutron star or pulsar, Jupiter and Saturn's surface would freeze, and their atmospheres would fall to the ground as hydrogen frost.

The orbits of Jupiter and Saturn planets might even decay as they lost energy due to friction with the gases released in the supernova in a process similar to how giant planets may fall into epistellar orbits as they loose momentum to the protoplanetary disk that formed them. The planets of PSR 1257+12 may have been subject to the same forces that pulled 51 Pegasi b into its star hugging orbit.

Thus our solar system of 9 planets is reduced to two or three deep frozen worlds huddled close around a dead star.

Just like the planets of PSR 1257 +12. It's possible that these three worlds are what's left of gas giants, stripped of their atmospheres and left bare by a supernova except for a smattering of hydrogen frost. Planet A may have once resembled Uranus or Neptune. But, closer in than the others, it was reduced to the size of our moon. The other two were farther out and more massive, so they retained more material. Perhaps Planet B was once the size of Jupiter, but is now only 3 times more massive than Earth. And Planet C, farther still, may have been like Saturn.

PSR 1257+12 B

PSR 1257+12 B Statistics

Note: These speculations are out of date. Current theory suggests that the planets of PSR 1257 +12 were probably not survivors of the supernova that created the pulsar. Instead, the supernova may have caused the pulsar to recoil through a close companion, destroying it. Matter from the companion formed an accretion disk around the pulsar, and planets formed from this disk.

PSR 1257+12 C

PSR 1257+12 C Statistics

PSR 1257+12 D

PSR 1257+12 D Statistics